Review the contributions and determine if they have any gaps in their understanding of what happens at each layer.. 50-75 words

 As we deep dive into TCP/IP and OSI protocols, looking at each one’s  architecture.  TCP/IP consists of four to five layers application,  transport, network, data link, and physical. OSI (International  Organization for Standardization) consists of seven layers application,  presentation, session, transport, network, data link, and physical.   

     Both Protocols use application for their first layers.  The  application layer supports applications and sometimes support services  such as encryption and compression.  Which user applications like  browser and word processing applications are not found within this layer  they use protocols that function within the application layer.   Application Protocols used for TCP/IP and OSI include HTTP (Hypertext  Transfer Protocol) which allows browsers and servers to send and receive  web pages.  SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) enables users to send  and receive emails.  FTP (File Transfer Protocol) moves files from one  computer to another.  SSH (Secure Shell) allows remote computers to  securely log in to other computer systems.  SNMP (simple Network  Management Protocol) manages the numerous elements in a computer network  to be managed at a single point. 

     Looking at the second layer of TCP/IP and OSI which they differ.    TCP/IP second layer is the Transport Layer.  Which uses TCP  (Transmission Control Protocol) this allows for an error free end to end  connection.  TCP protocol is not the only protocol found in the  Transport Layer.  You can also find UDP (User Datagram Protocol) this is  not commonly found within this layer and usually used when steaming  data like music or videos.  OSI uses the presentation layer for its  second layer.  We do not find this layer within TCP/IP.  Which it  performs functions for presenting data properly to the sender or  receiver.

     The Third layer of TCP/IP and OSI differ also.  TCP/IP has the  Network layer thirdly.  The Network layer also known as Internet layer  or IP layer is used to transfer data within, and between networks.  IP  (Internet Protocol) software which prepares packets of data for  transmission between the networks. OSI third layer consists of the  session layer and is not found within the layering of TCP/IP protocol.   The session layer consists of transferring large amounts back and forth  between two systems.  It uses a point after each small section of  transmission to ensure proper data transmission.

     Now we are at the fourth layer of TCP/IP and OSI protocols.   TCP/IP uses Data Link at this layer.  Data Link layer which gets data  from user’s workstations and passes it to the router connected to the  Internet.  Commonly the LAN gets the data from workstation to Internet.   The Data Link Layer prepares data for transmission to a router sitting  between the LAN and internet.  OSI’s fourth layer is the second layer of  TCP/IP, Transport Layer.  Which verifies the data that arrived at the  destination is the same sent from the original station.

     Diving into the fifth layer of TCP/IP and OSI we see they also  differ.  With TCP/IP we find the Physical Layer which is the final layer  of its architecture.  This is where the data transmission occurs.  This  can be through physical wiring, or radio signal.  OSI uses the same  layer TCP/IP uses at its third layer.  Network layer also known as  Internet layer or IP layer is used to transfer data within, and between  networks.  IP (Internet Protocol) software which prepares packets of  data for transmission between the networks.

     OSI architecture only contains two more layers which are  included in the architecture of TCP/IP.  The sixth layer of OSI is the  Data Link layer it prepares data for transmission to a router sitting  between the LAN and internet.  OSI’s fourth layer is the second layer of  TCP/IP, Transport Layer.  Which verifies the data that arrived at the  destination is the same sent from the original station.  The seventh  layer is the Physical layer which is the final layer of OSI  architecture.  The physical layer where the data transmission occurs.   This can be through physical wiring, or radio signal.  

     After deep diving into both TCP/IP and OSI protocols we can see  that OSI architecture is bigger and more in depth then TCP/IP.   Understanding their architecture really brings why and what purpose  would you want to use ether.  My opinion is that you would use OSI in a  more secured networked area and TCP/IP within a expansion and smaller  less secure networked area.

References

West, J. (2022). Data Communication and Computer Networks (9th ed.).  Cengage Learning US. https://ecpi.vitalsource.com/books/9780357504413