Describe the epidemiology, clinical signs, and laboratory confirmation of disease caused by West Nile Virus in horses during the arboviral epidemic in horses in southeast Australia in 2011.

Describe the epidemiology, clinical signs, and laboratory confirmation of diseasecaused by West Nile Virus in horses during the arboviral epidemic in horses insoutheast Australia in 2011.
1. Answer all parts of this question:a) Answer both parts of this sub-question:i. Define insulin resistance. (2 marks)ii. List the tissues most commonly affected. (3 marks)b) List the screening and the dynamic tests that can be used to evaluate insulinsensitivity in horses. Indicate on your list which tests can be performed in aclinical situation. (8 marks)c) Discuss the current understanding of the relationship between obesity and insulinresistance in the adult horse. (17 marks)2. Answer both parts of this question:a) Describe the epidemiology, clinical signs, and laboratory confirmation of diseasecaused by West Nile Virus in horses during the arboviral epidemic in horses insoutheast Australia in 2011. (20 marks)b) Briefly discuss the clinical syndromes of the two (2) other endemic arboviraldiseases in Australian horses. (10 marks)Continued over pageEquine Medicine Paper 1 Page 3 of 43. Answer all parts of this question:a) Define the terms adaptive pain and maladaptive pain and provide an equineclinical example of each type of pain. (5 marks)b) Describe the pathophysiology of pain in regards to peripheral and centralnervous system sensitisation and disinhibition. (20 marks)c) For each of the following drugs state the site of action within the nervous system(central or peripheral or both): (5 marks)i. flunixinii. xylazineiii. ketamineiv. gabapentinv. lignocaine.4. Answer all parts of this question: (answer 4 a, in the answer booklet provided)a) Compare lactated Ringer’s (Hartmann’s solution) with 0.9% saline for initialintravenous fluid resuscitation in hypovolemic horses. Include approximatevalues for ions contained in each solution by completing the fluid compositiontable provided in the answer booklet. (10 marks)b) Briefly discuss the indications for and disadvantages of the following colloidfluids in horses:i. fresh frozen plasma (7.5 marks)ii. hydroxyethyl starch. (7.5 marks)c) List the clinical and laboratory parameters that may indicate systemic fluidoverload in horses. (5 marks)

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